使用new Vue(), render和$mount:

import Vue from 'vue';
import App from './App.vue';

new Vue({
  render: (h) => h(App, {
    props: {
      name: 'Haha',
    },
  }),
}).$mount('#app');

使用Vue.extend和$mount:

// https://css-tricks.com/creating-vue-js-component-instances-programmatically/
import Button from 'Button.vue'
import Vue from 'vue'

var ComponentClass = Vue.extend(Button)
var instance = new ComponentClass({
    propsData: { type: 'primary' }
})
instance.$mount() // pass nothing
this.$refs.container.appendChild(instance.$el)